Can India Harness Algae for Rare Earth Extraction?

Thiruvananthapuram, Sep 11 (NationPress) India has the potential to lessen its reliance on traditional mining methods that are harmful to the environment for extracting rare earth elements (REEs) by implementing an algal biorefinery approach, as stated by Laladhas K.P., Director of the Centre for Science in Society and International Biotechnological Applications.

In a recent analysis, Laladhas highlighted that although India possesses considerable REE reserves located in beach sands and deposits in the Northeast, the extraction process is complicated due to the intricate nature of the ores.

REEs, which are essential for electronics, renewable energy, and defence applications, are currently obtained internationally from mining operations that are both geopolitically sensitive and environmentally taxing.

Algal mining is an innovative and eco-friendly technique that avoids many of the pitfalls associated with conventional extraction methods.

This technology capitalizes on the natural ability of ocean macroalgae, or seaweeds, to hyper-accumulate dissolved metals from seawater.

Studies have indicated that certain species can concentrate these elements in their tissues at levels up to a million times greater than the surrounding water.

This method, known as photosynthetic mineral sourcing, utilizes sunlight and cultivated seaweed to directly extract vital minerals from seawater.

In contrast to traditional mining, it produces no toxic waste or water pollution and may even enhance ocean health by sequestering carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.

"It is restorative rather than destructive," Laladhas remarked, while cautioning that the technology is still in its early stages, with no commercial-scale operations currently operational.

The overarching idea of an algal biorefinery extends beyond just mineral recovery. In addition to REEs, it can produce biofuels, biopolymers, and fertilizers, creating a multi-product, value-generating system aligned with the circular economy. Laladhas emphasized that India holds a competitive edge due to its extensive coastal macroalgae resources and established expertise in phycoremediation—the use of algae for cleaning industrial effluents.

Rather than pursuing open-ocean ventures, the country could adapt its industrial-scale systems to recover REEs from the waste streams of mineral processing plants.

To harness this opportunity, Laladhas proposed a three-phase strategy: initiate a focused Research and Development program to identify indigenous algae species optimal for REE absorption; launch pilot projects through public-private partnerships; and ultimately scale into integrated biorefineries.

With appropriate policy encouragement and investment, he believes India could establish itself as a global frontrunner in sustainable REE supply chains, decreasing reliance on environmentally harmful mining while advancing its green economy objectives.