India's makhana (fox nut) sector is on a sharp upward trajectory, with the domestic market projected to reach ₹11,000–₹12,000 crore by 2029–30, driven by rising production, surging prices, and expanding exports, according to an official factsheet released on Wednesday, 19 August 2025. The figures underscore a structural shift in how makhana is positioned — from a regional agricultural commodity to a globally traded superfood.

Production and Price Trends

Despite robust demand, production volumes grew at a modest 4–5 per cent between FY22 and FY25, creating a supply-demand gap that pushed average prices from roughly ₹500 per kilogram to nearly ₹1,250 per kilogram over the same period. The price surge reflects the premium branding of makhana as a health-focused snack, combined with limited supply response.

Total makhana production stood at 63,910 metric tonnes in 2024–25, with average productivity of 2.03 metric tonnes per hectare. The Second Advance Estimates for 2025–26 project output rising to 80,590 metric tonnes, with productivity improving to 2.34 metric tonnes per hectare.

Bihar's Dominance and Farming Innovation

Bihar remains the country's leading makhana-producing state, accounting for 60,000 metric tonnes in 2025–26 at an average productivity of 2 metric tonnes per hectare. Traditionally cultivated in ponds, the crop is increasingly being grown using field-system farming techniques, which reduce cultivation risks and allow for more predictable yields.

Improved varieties such as Swarna Vaidehi and Sabour Makhana-1 have contributed to productivity gains. According to the official statement, 'The growth has been driven by an increase in cultivated area, improved productivity, and reduced cultivation risks.'

Export Strength and Domestic Demand

India produces more than 0.6 lakh metric tonnes of makhana annually. Of this, approximately 40 per cent — or 0.23–0.25 lakh metric tonnes — is exported, while the remainder is consumed domestically. The domestic market recorded annual growth of 17–18 per cent between 2021–22 and 2024–25, providing a buffer against export market volatility.

With rising global appetite for clean-label and plant-based superfoods, India's established production base positions makhana as a premium offering in international markets. Notably, this growth has been largely organic, preceding any large-scale government intervention.

Government Push: National Makhana Board and ₹476 Crore Scheme

Recognising the sector's strategic importance, the government announced the establishment of the National Makhana Board in the Union Budget 2025–26. It has also approved a Central Sector Scheme for the Development of Makhana, with a total outlay of ₹476.03 crore covering the period 2025–26 to 2030–31.

The scheme targets research and innovation, quality seed availability, farmer skill development, post-harvest upgrades, value addition, branding, marketing, export promotion, and quality control. The policy push signals that the Centre views makhana not merely as a food crop but as an export-oriented agri-brand with significant rural income potential.

With institutional backing now in place, the sector's trajectory over the next five years will hinge on how effectively the scheme translates into farm-level outcomes and whether export infrastructure keeps pace with production growth.